21 LPL palette in urine (Chlamydia trachomatis, ureaplasma urealyticum, ureaplasma parvum, mycoplasma hominis, mycoplasma genitalium, neisseria gonorrhoeae, trichomonas vaginalis, Herpes simplex 1 (HSV-1), Herpes simplex 2 (HSV-2), Haemophilus ducreyi, Cytomegalo virus (CMV), Chlamydia trachomatis LGV, Treponema pallidum, Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Candida: albicans, krusei, glabrata, dubliniensis, parapsilosis, tropicalis, lusitaniae)

Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Chlamydia infection often can be asymptomatic, especially in its early stages. It affects both men and women and can damage various body parts, including the genitals, rectum, and throat. Without symptoms, untreated chlamydia infection can lead to serious complications such as infertility, chronic infections, and Reiter's syndrome. Initial symptoms appear 1-3 weeks after exposure. Women experience abnormal vaginal discharge, pain during urination, bleeding between periods, and pain during intercourse. Men experience abnormal discharge from the penis, pain during urination, and testicular pain and swelling. Regular screening and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent complications and reduce the risk of infecting others.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Gonorrhea is a widespread infection transmitted through oral, vaginal, or anal sex. Symptoms typically appear 1-14 days after sexual contact with an infected person. Most women do not show symptoms, but there may be bleeding between periods or during sex, and pain or burning during urination. If undetected, untreated, or improperly treated, the infection can spread to the upper reproductive tract and develop into complicated gonococcal infections, causing pelvic inflammatory diseases, ectopic pregnancies, infertility in women, and penile edema, epididymitis in men.

Mycoplasma genitalium - This bacterium most commonly infects the urethra and cervix, and the infection it causes can be asymptomatic. In some cases, untreated infection can lead to more serious complications, such as inflammation of the urethra or cervix and infertility.

Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, ureaplasma parvum - These bacteria can naturally be found in sexual organs (in the uterus, ovaries, prostate gland), often not causing any symptoms or diseases. In certain cases, they can cause infections and symptoms that vary depending on which part of the reproductive organs is affected pathogenically.

Trichomonas vaginalis - The most widespread non-viral sexually transmitted pathogen in the world. T. vaginalis can cause abnormal vaginal discharge (trichomoniasis) in women, while in men, it accounts for 10~12% of all non-gonococcal urethritis cases. The infection can be asymptomatic in at least 50% of women and 70~80% of men.

Herpes simplex 1/2 infections are transmitted through contact with HSV herpes sores, mucous membranes, genital secretions, or oral secretions. HSV-1 and HSV-2 can be shed from normally appearing oral or genital mucosa or skin. Typically, a person can acquire HSV-2 infection only during genital contact with someone who has HSV-2 infection. However, oral-genital contact with a person infected with oral HSV-1 can result in genital HSV-1 infection. Transmission often occurs from contact with an infected partner who does not have visible lesions and who may not know they are infected. Most individuals with HSV infection are asymptomatic or have symptoms that are so mild they go unnoticed or are mistaken for another skin condition. When symptoms occur, they typically appear as one or more blisters on or around the genitals, rectum, or mouth. The average incubation period for an initial herpes infection is 2 to 12 days after exposure. The blisters break and leave painful ulcers that may take two to four weeks to heal. The appearance of these symptoms is referred to as a first herpes "outbreak" or episode. Clinical manifestations of genital herpes differ between the first and recurrent (i.e., later) outbreaks. The first herpes outbreak is often associated with a longer duration of herpetic lesions, increased viral shedding (making HSV transmission more likely), and systemic symptoms including fever, body aches, swollen lymph nodes, or headache.

Treponema pallidum - This bacterium causes syphilis, a chronic systemic infection that can progress through four stages. Primary symptoms appear 10 - 90 days, usually within 3 weeks (21 days). The main symptom is a painless sore at the site of infection. The sore can be hard to notice and often disappears within 3-6 weeks even without treatment but can periodically recur. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent the progression of the infection.

Chlamydia trachomatis LGV - One of the diseases caused by the Chlamydia bacterium is lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). LGV is a sexually transmitted infection caused by specific serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis (L1, L2, L3). The main route of transmission is through sexual intercourse: vaginal, anal, and oral. The primary symptom is small, painless blisters or sores in the genital or rectal area, which are often unnoticed. Symptoms appear 3-30 days after infection. If untreated, chronic inflammations, lymph node, rectal damage, and reproductive system problems can develop.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the herpesvirus family that causes chronic infections. While CMV is not typically considered a specific sexually transmitted infection, it can be transmitted through sexual contact. Most healthy people infected with CMV do not experience any symptoms, but some individuals may experience symptoms similar to mononucleosis (fever, fatigue, muscle aches, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes). The CMV incubation period usually ranges from 3 to 12 weeks after infection. Most healthy individuals experience an asymptomatic or mild infection, after which the virus remains in the body in a latent form and can be reactivated in the future, especially when the immune system is weakened. If a pregnant person is infected with CMV for the first time during pregnancy, the virus can be transmitted to the fetus. This can lead to congenital CMV infection, which can have serious consequences.

Haemophilus ducreyi - A bacterium causing a sexually transmitted infection characterized by painful ulcer disease. The infection begins as a small, red nodule on the genitals or anal area, quickly turning into a painful open sore. The incubation period ranges from 4 to 10 days after infection. Untreated, the infection causes significant pain and discomfort, especially during urination and sexual intercourse. Testing is recommended if genital ulcers are visible but negative results for Treponema pallidum, HSV 1/2 tests are obtained.

Varicella-zoster - This virus can cause Herpes zoster disease, which presents with pain, burning sensation, itching, and rashes. The incubation period from virus reactivation to symptom onset can range from several days to several weeks. Initial symptoms are often pain or discomfort before the appearance of rashes.

Candidiasis is a very common disease affecting up to 75% of women at least once in their lifetime. It is most commonly caused by Candida albicans; however, other species such as krusei, glabrata, dubliniensis, parapsilosis, tropicalis, and lusitaniae can also occur. Typical symptoms of candidiasis include itching, vaginal pain, pain during intercourse, external dysuria, and abnormal vaginal discharge. Men experience redness and itching of the penis glans, white discharge under the foreskin, bad smell, and pain during intercourse. If untreated, inflammations recur, may promote secondary bacterial infections, cause urinary tract infections, and reproductive system complications.