Tick-borne Encephalitis IgM Antibodies

Tick-borne Encephalitis virus IgM antibody test is a blood test used to diagnose acute tick-borne encephalitis infection. The test is performed using the immunoenzymatic (ELISA) method, which allows the identification of specific IgM class antibodies formed in the early stage of the disease. IgM antibodies are usually detectable from the first week of the disease and indicate an active, recently initiated infection.

The tick-borne encephalitis virus spreads through the bite of an infected tick – the infection is transmitted through saliva when the tick attaches to human skin. The incubation period lasts from 2 to 28 days, usually 7–14 days. The first phase of the disease can last 1–8 days and manifests with fever, fatigue, weakness, headaches, muscle, and joint pain. Subsequently, some patients develop the second phase – central nervous system impairment (encephalitis, meningitis, or meningoencephalitis).

The IgM test is the main diagnostic method during acute infection, and additionally, IgG antibodies are often tested, indicating a past infection or immune response after vaccination.

Test principle: The test is performed from venous blood using the immunoenzymatic method (ELISA). Results are presented quantitatively or as positive/negative.

Recommendations:

• It is recommended if symptoms such as fever, fatigue, weakness, headaches, and muscle pain occur after a tick bite.
• Useful in differentiating viral encephalitis from other infections or neurological conditions.
• Indicated for early infection diagnosis and monitoring the course of the disease.
• Suitable for patients living or visiting forest and meadow areas, especially during the tick activity period (spring and summer).
• The test is performed regardless of food intake, but it is important to inform the doctor about recent vaccinations or the date of symptom onset.